********************************************************************* * * * Catalogue of Lunar Eclipse Crater Timings * * * * D Herald, Murrumbateman, NSW, Australia * * R Sinnott, Chelmsford, Massachusetts, USA * * * * In memory of: * * Joseph Ashbrook (1918 - 1980) * * Byron Soulsby (1932 - 2009) * * * * September 2014 * * * ********************************************************************* 1. Introduction The nature of crater timings, and their use, is well summarized by Fred Espenak on the NASA eclipse web site, at http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/crater/Crater.html In 1702, Pierre de La Hire made a curious observation about Earth's umbra. In order to accurately predict the duration of a lunar eclipse, he found it necessary to increase the radius of the shadow one arc- minute larger than warranted by geometric considerations. Although the effect is clearly related to Earth's atmosphere, it's not completely understood since the shadow enlargement seems to vary from one eclipse to the next. The enlargement can be measured through careful timings of lunar craters as they enter and exit the umbra. Such observations are best made using a low-power telescope and a clock or watch synchronized with radio time signals. Timings should be made to a precision of 0.1 minute. The basic idea is to record the instant when the most abrupt gradient at the umbra's edge crosses the apparent centre of the crater. In the case of large craters like Tycho and Copernicus, it's recommended that you record the times when the shadow touches the two opposite edges of the crater. The average of these times is equal to the instant of crater bisection. Crater timings have been made for more than two centuries. Major efforts extending over many years include: * Julius Schmidt (Athens Observatory) made observations between 1842 and 1879. * Jiri Bouska (Charles University, Prague) made observations between 1943 and 1968. * The magazine Sky & Telescope promoted and analysed such observations between 1956 and the 2011. This effort was undertaken by Joseph Ashbrook until his death in 1980, and thereafter by Roger Sinnott. Results for individual eclipses were published from time to time in that magazine. * Byron Soulsby (Canberra, Australia) maintained a strong interest in crater timings from at least 1972 until his death in 2009. He promoted their observation and analysis and had a committed group of observers located around the world. Apart from observations of current eclipses submitted by those observers, he put the observations of Schmidt and Bouska into machine-readable form. Soulsby collected about 17,000 crater timing observations, the majority of which have not been published in the literature. * Helio C. Vital (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) collected more than 2,100 timings from members of the Rede de Astronomia Observacional in Brazil between 1989 and 2011 and communicated them to both Soulsby and Sinnott. Following Soulsby's sudden death in 2009, Herald obtained his computer files and paper records. Thereafter Herald and Sinnott combined the observations collected by Soulsby (which included the observations of Schmidt and Bouska) with those collected by Sky & Telescope, placed them in a consistent format, removed duplicate records, and corrected typographical and data-entry errors. We have also included three derived quantities (in bytes 47-59), as calculated by us for each observation. The result is a single dataset of over 22000 crater timing observations made during 94 lunar eclipses between 1842 and 2011. All observations in the dataset have been made visually, with telescopes being typically in the 5cm to 25cm aperture range. The observations are analysed in J. Brit. Astron. Assoc., 124(5), 247-253 (2014). The literature contains reports of crater timings made between the early 1700's and the mid-1900's that are not included in this dataset. Those reports typically involve relatively few observations made by a small number of observers -- such that the statistical significance of the observations for any one eclipse is very low. No attempt has been made to locate and include such observations in this catalogue. 2. File format - crater_t.txt [22539 lines] Byte-by-byte Description: crater_t.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 4: (I4) yr Year [1842, 2011] Year of eclipse 6- 7: (I2) mth Month [1, 12] Month of eclipse 9- 10: (I2) d Day [1, 31] Day of eclipse (based on the Universal Time of mid-eclipse, Gregorian calendar) 12- 31: (A20) --- Feature Name of lunar feature (from the IAU Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature) 32 : (I1) --- Event [0-9] Event descriptor Events during ingress: 0 First contact with Moon's limb 1 First contact with a crater, mare, or other surface feature 2 Middle of the feature or a bright spot 3 Second contact with the feature 4 Second contact with Moon's limb Events during egress: 5 Third contact with Moon's limb 6 Third contact with a crater, mare, or other surface feature 7 Middle of the feature or a bright spot 8 Fourth contact with the feature 9 Fourth contact with Moon's limb 34 : (I1) --- DayFlag [ pf] flag - event in the preceding or following UT day " " event occurred in the specified UT day "p" event occurred in the preceding UT day "f" event occurred in the following UT day 35- 36: (I2) h Hour [0, 23] Hour of the event 38- 39: (I2) min Minute [0, 59] Minute of the event 41- 42: (I2) s Second [0, 59] Second of the event 44- 45: (I2) --- NumObs [1, 55] Number of observations combined 47- 50: (I4) km Height [-50, +250] Computed height of the notional eclipse forming layer above the Earth (km) 52- 54: (I3) deg ULat [-90, +90] Computed latitude of the event on the umbral shadow 56- 59: (F4.1) % Percent [-1.1, +5.6] Computed percent enlargement of the umbral shadow 61-115: (A55) --- Name Observer name(s). Individuals are separated by an ampersand (&) 3. Lunar eclipses included in the dataset 1842 01 26 1943 08 15 1978 03 24 1996 04 04 1843 12 07 1945 12 19 1978 09 16 1996 09 27 1844 05 31 1946 12 08 1979 03 13 1997 03 24 1844 11 24 1949 10 07 1979 09 06 1997 09 16 1848 03 19 1950 09 26 1981 07 17 1999 07 28 1849 03 09 1952 08 05 1982 01 09 2000 01 21 1851 01 17 1956 11 18 1982 07 06 2000 07 16 1852 01 07 1957 05 13 1982 12 30 2001 01 09 1856 10 13 1959 03 24 1983 06 25 2001 07 05 1858 02 27 1960 03 13 1985 05 04 2003 05 16 1860 02 07 1961 03 02 1985 10 28 2003 11 09 1860 08 01 1961 08 26 1986 04 24 2004 05 04 1863 06 01 1963 07 06 1986 10 17 2004 10 28 1866 03 31 1963 12 30 1988 08 27 2006 09 07 1867 09 14 1964 06 25 1989 02 20 2007 03 03 1869 01 28 1965 06 14 1989 08 17 2007 08 28 1870 07 12 1968 04 13 1990 02 09 2008 02 21 1871 01 06 1971 02 10 1990 08 06 2008 08 16 1873 11 04 1972 01 30 1992 06 15 2010 06 26 1876 09 03 1974 06 04 1992 12 09 2010 12 21 1877 02 27 1974 11 29 1993 06 04 2011 06 15 1877 08 23 1975 05 25 1993 11 29 2011 12 10 1878 08 13 1975 11 18 1994 05 25 1879 12 28 1977 04 04 1995 04 15 4. The Observations This dataset covers 94 lunar eclipses from 1842 to 2011. We have corrected various errors in the observations. The most common were misspellings of crater and observer names. Some observations were not amenable to correction -- either by reason of misidentification of the lunar feature, or an error in the reported time with no obvious correction. Only those observations where the height of the notional eclipse-forming layer (calculated by us from the timing) lay between -50 and +250 km have been included in the catalogue. 4.1 General comments on timing precision For uniformity, the times in this dataset are specified to a precision of one second, regardless of the way they were originally reported. However the frequency of occurrence of particular values of seconds shows: - seconds 0 and 30 appear about four times as often as expected; and - seconds which are multiples of 5 secs or 6 secs appear about twice as often as expected. This suggests the uncertainty of the observations is many seconds. Some observers reported their timings in units of 0.1 minute, and the times reported by Bouska were in units of 0.001 hour -- or 3.6 secs. Analysis of the observations suggests the standard deviation of a single observation is no better than about 25 to 30 seconds for an experienced observer. 4.2 Notes on observations collected by Soulsby Soulsby created computer files for many of the observations in his data collection in the early days of personal computers, when file names were limited to 8 + 3 characters. As a result many of the family names of observers in his computer records had been truncated to 7 characters. Where it was apparent that a name had been truncated, we were usually able to retrieve the full name from Soulsby's paper records. 4.3 Notes on observations collected by Sky & Telescope Many of the observations were originally published or referred to in the following issues of Sky & Telescope: Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 16, January 1957, pages 141-143 (for 1956 11 18 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 16, February 1957, page 196 (for 1956 11 18 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 19, June 1960, pages 474-476 (for 1960 03 13 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, Strolling Astronomer 14, November-December 1960, pages 163-167 (for 1960 03 13 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 21, May 1961, pages 278-279 (for 1961 03 02 eclipse) Watts, Raymond N., Jr., S&T 23, January 1962, pages 23-25 (for 1961 08 26 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 27, March 1964, pages 156-160 (for 1963 12 30 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 35, June 1968, pages 351-355 (for 1968 04 13 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 41, April 1971, pages 209-212 (for 1971 02 10 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 41, May 1971, pages 273-277 (for 1971 02 10 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 43, May 1972, pages 330-331 (for 1972 01 30 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 50, October 1975, pages 219-223 (for 1975 05 25 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 51, February 1976, pages 76-78 and 90 (for 1975 11 18 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 53, June 1977, pages 423-426 (for 1977 04 04 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 57, January 1979, page 12 (for 1978 09 16 eclipse) Ashbrook, Joseph, S&T 59, January 1980, pages 30-32 (for 1979 09 06 eclipse) Sinnott, Roger W., S&T 63, March 1982, page 314 (for 1981 07 17 eclipse) Sinnott, Roger W., S&T 64, December 1982, pages 618-619 (for 1982 07 06 eclipse) Sinnott, Roger W., S&T 65, April 1983, page 387 (for 1982 12 30 eclipse) Nyren, Kari, and Roger W. Sinnott, S&T 84, December 1992, page 678-680 (for 1989 08 17 and 1992 06 15 eclipses) Sinnott, Roger W., S&T 92, September 1996, page 101 (for 1992 12 09, 1993 11 29, and 1996 04 04 eclipses) Sinnott, Roger W., S&T 116, July 2008, pages 74-75 (for 2008 02 21 eclipse) Also included are miscellaneous reports sent to Sky & Telescope but never published. For some of the earlier observations collected by Sky and Telescope, the only available data is an average timing for each crater - together with the number of observations that had been combined. There are over 300 such instances, with up to 55 timings having been combined into a single reported contact time. In each case the number of observations that have been combined is specified in the catalogue. 4.4 Notes on observations collected by Juri Bouska Juri Bouska and others, of the Astronomical Institute of the Charles University, Prague, made observations of crater timings between 1943 and 1975, the majority of which Soulsby had located and included in his dataset. Most of these observations were originally reported in the Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia (BAIC): Form and enlargement of the Earth's Shadow during three lunar eclipses. BAIC (1948), 1 (3), pp. 37-41. Enlargement and Form of the Shadow during the eclipse of the Moon of December 8, 1946. BAIC (1949), 2 (1), pp. 75-76. Form and Enlargement of the Earth's Shadow during the Moon's eclipse of Oct 6-7, 1949. BAIC (1950), 2 (2), pp. 28-30. Enlargement and Form of the Shadow during the Moon's eclipse of Sep 26, 1950. BAIC (1953), 4 (1), pp. 14-18. Partial eclipse of the moon of August 5, 1952. BAIC (1956), 7 (4), pp. 14-18. The Earth's shadow during the partial eclipse of the Moon on May 13-14, 1957. BAIC (1958), 9 (6), pp. 245-247. Observation of Lunar Occultations and of eclipses of the Moon and Sun. BAIC (1959), 10 (6), pp. 198-202. The Earth's Shadow during the Partial Lunar eclipse of Mar 24, 1959. BAIC (1960), 11, pp. 145-148. Form and enlargement of the Earth's shadow during the lunar eclipses of August 26, 1961, July 6, 1963 and June 24-25, 1964. J. Bouska and Z. Sekanina, Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Mathematica et Physica, Vol. 6 (1965), No. 2, 1-20 Enlargement of the Earth's Shadow during the Moon's eclipse of Jun 14, 1965. BAIC (1966), 17 (2), pp. 92-94. Enlargement of the Earth's Shadow during the Moon's eclipse of Apr 13, 1968. BAIC (1970), 21 (1), pp. 61-64. Enlargement of the Earth's shadow during the lunar eclipses observed in the years 1973-1975. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Mathematica et Physica, Vol. 18 (1977), No. 1, 51-63 While Bouska generally reported the times in Universal Time (UT), the times for the eclipses from 1961 onwards were given in Ephemeris Time. These have been converted to UT by subtracting the deltaT correction given in the relevant publication, or (when not provided) from a standard table of deltaT values. The published times were given to a precision of 0.001 hour, equivalent to 3.6 seconds. In this catalogue those times are listed using the second closest to the published time. 4.5 Notes on observations by J F Julius Schmidt (1842-1879) Julius Schmidt recorded crater timings he made from various locations in Europe between 1842 and 1879. Their existence was described by Joseph Ashbrook in Sky & Telescope, March 1977, pages 173-174. Ashbrook noted that while using the library stacks at Harvard Observatory he: chanced upon ... a slender quarto volume of 56 pages, which turns out to be a type-written copy in German [that Willard J. Fisher] made in 1924 of a never-printed manuscript, Observations of Lunar Eclipses 1842-1879, by J.F.J. Schmidt. The manuscript is held at the Wolbach Library, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA, under Call number: QB579.S35. A pdf scanned copy of the manuscript is included with the catalogue as the file schmidt.pdf Soulsby obtained a copy of the manuscript and incorporated the crater timing observations into his dataset. Schmidt recorded his timings in local mean solar time. The following table lists the observing location (as given on page 1 of the manuscript), and the corrections we have applied to convert his local mean solar time to UT: Date Location Correction Note 1842 Jan 26 Eutin 11h 33m 00s a 1843 Dec 7 Hamburg 11h 19m 56s 1844 May 31 Hamburg 11h 19m 56s 1844 Nov 24 Hamburg 11h 19m 56s 1848 Mar 19 Bonn 11h 31m 24s 1849 Mar 9 Bonn 11h 31m 24s 1851 Jan 17 Bonn 11h 53m 54s b 1852 Jan 7 Bonn 11h 31m 24s 1856 Oct 13 Hamburg 11h 19m 56s 1858 Feb 27 Olmutz 10h 51m 0s 1860 Feb 7 Athens 10h 25m 50s c 1860 Aug 1 Athens 10h 25m 50s c 1863 Jun 1 Vienna 10h 54m 49s 1866 Mar 31 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1867 Sep 14 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1869 Jan 28 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1870 Jul 12 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1871 Jan 6 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1873 Nov 4 Athens 10h 25m 50s d 1876 Sep 3 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1877 Feb 27 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1877 Aug 23 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1878 Aug 13 Athens 10h 25m 50s 1879 Dec 28 Athens 10h 25m 50s Notes a. 1842 Jan 26. Schmidt's manuscript indicates that his times were referenced to a clock in the town centre. However he also notes that the clock probably did not provide accurate time: Dollond mit ungefar 20 maliger Vergrosserung, und notirte die Zeiten nach einer gewonlicher Tascenuhr, die nach der Staduhr gestellt war. Von einer Zeitbestimmung konnte damals noch nicht die Rede Sein. Soulsby compared the reported event times to times generated using modern ephemerides, and deduced the town clock was displaying local true solar time rather than local mean solar time, with an error of about 2 minutes. The time correction has been derived on this basis. b. 1851 Jan 17. A reduction of the observations indicated the presence of a serious error in the time. The error was consistent with the correction to convert from true solar time to mean solar time having been applied with the wrong sign. The German text provides no assistance in identifying why this might have occurred. Our time correction for this eclipse includes an adjustment of 22m 30s, being double the equation of time for the date. c. 1860 Feb 7 and 1860 Aug 1. The correction applied by Soulsby for these two eclipses was 10h 21m 46s, which is 4m 04s less than the correction used for all later eclipses observed from Athens. However Schmidt's. manuscript indicates that the times were based on the time in the middle of Athens for all of the Athens observations. The times from Soulsby's files for these two eclipses have therefore been corrected accordingly. d. 1873 Nov 4. This eclipse indicates an abnormally large height for the notional eclipse forming layer. But Schmidt could only make timings of emersions from the umbra, and an error in his clock could have had the same effect. Since there is no way to tell if a clock error was responsible, no adjustment has been made to the times for this eclipse. 5. Crater coordinates and diameters Crater names, selenographic coordinates (to 0.01 deg) and diameters (to 0.01 km) were taken from the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature maintained by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), available at: http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ We have only departed from the names in the Gazetteer by abbreviating 'Promontorium' to 'Prom.'. The nomenclature of lunar features changes over time (such as when a letter-designated crater receives the name of an individual). Where relevant, we updated originally reported names to a modern name listed in the Gazetteer. 5.1 Features with more than 100 timings Archimedes Dionysius Kepler Proclus Aristarchus Endymion Langrenus Prom. Laplace Aristillus Eratosthenes Manilius Pytheas Aristoteles Eudoxus Mare Crisium Riccioli Atlas Euler Menelaus Schickard Autolycus Fracastorius Mons Pico Taruntius Billy Gassendi Picard Theophilus Bullialdus Goclenius Pitatus Timocharis Campanus Grimaldi Plato Tycho Censorinus Harpalus Plinius Copernicus Hercules Posidonius 5.2 Features with 10 or more timings Abulfeda E Damoiseau E Kant Mosting Agatharchides A Darney Kies A Mosting A Agrippa Darney C Kundt Nicolai A Alpetragius B Dawes La Condamine A Petavius Alphonsus Delambre Lacus Spei Pickering Apollonius Dunthorne Lambert Polybius A Arago Egede A Langrenus M Posidonius A Bancroft Eimmart Lansberg B Proclus A Bellot Encke Lansberg D Prom. Heraclides Bessarion Encke B Le Monnier Ptolemaeus Bessel Euclides Letronne Ramsden Bianchini Eudoxus A Linne Reiner Birt Firmicus Lohrmann A Reinhold Bode Flamsteed Longomontanus Rosse Bode A Furnerius A Macrobius Seleucus Brayley Gambart A Madler Sharp Briggs Gassendi A Magelhaens Sharp A Burg Gassendi E Magelhaens A Sinus Iridum Byrgius Godin Mairan Stevinus Byrgius A Grimaldi C Maskelyne Stevinus A Calippus Gutenberg Mercator Sulpicius Gallus Capuanus Gutenberg A Mersenius Sulpicius Gallus M Carmichael Hansteen Mersenius C T. Mayer Cassini Hercules G Messala Thales Cassini C Herodotus Messier Tralles A Cauchy Herschel Messier A Triesnecker Chladni Hill Milichius Vendelinus Clavius Hipparchus C Mons La Hire Vitello Cleomedes Hortensius Mons Piton Vitruvius Condorcet Jansen Montes Recti Wolf Cruger Julius Caesar 5.3 Features with fewer than 10 timings Abenezra A Delisle Janssen K Newcomb Abulfeda Dembowski Kant D Nicollet Abulfeda F Democritus Kant P Nielsen Agatharchides Democritus B Kapteyn E Olbers Agatharchides P Descartes Kies D Pallas Airy A Descartes A Kirch Palmieri Al-Bakri Descartes C Kircher Parry Albategnius Diophantus Konig Peirce Alexander Dollond Krafft Phocylides Alfraganus Doppelmayer Krieger Piazzi Alhazen Drebbel Kunowsky Piazzi Smyth Aliacensis Egede La Condamine Piccolomini Alpetragius Egede B La Condamine O Piccolomini G Ammonius Endymion E Lacroix Piccolomini M Anaxagoras Endymion G Lagrange Piccolomini Q Anville Epigenes Lalande Pico B Aratus Epigenes A Lame Pico E Archytas Eratosthenes A Lame J Plato G Ariadaeus Eudoxus G Langrenus Y Plato J Armstrong Fauth A Lansberg Plinius A Arnold Feuillee Lansberg A Plinius B Arzachel Firmicus A Lansberg C Polybius Asada Flammarion Laplace D Porter Barkla Flammarion A Lassell Posidonius P Barrow Flamsteed A Lassell D Posidonius Y Beaumont Flamsteed B Lavoisier Prinz Beaumont B Flamsteed C Lavoisier A Prom. Agarum Beaumont D Fontenelle Le Verrier Prom. Archerusia Beer Foucault Leakey Prom. Fresnel Behaim Fourier Letronne F Purbach Bernoulli Fourier B Lichtenberg Reichenbach Bessarion A Fracastorius B Lick Reiner Gamma Bessarion G Fracastorius E Littrow Rhaeticus B Billy A Fracastorius K Loewy Ritter Billy B Franklin Lohrmann Rocca Biot Franklin C Lubiniezky Romer Biot A Franz Lubiniezky A Romer R Biot B Fredholm Lubiniezky D Ross Birmingham Furnerius Lubiniezky E Rothmann Bode B Furnerius B Luther Sabine Bohnenberger Furnerius C Luther H Santbech Bohnenberger A G. Bond Lyell Schiaparelli Borda A Galilaei Maestlin Schiller Boscovich Galilaei G Maginus Schumacher Boscovich P Galle Maginus H Sharp B Bouguer Galle C Mairan A Sheepshanks Brayley B Gambart Manilius C Sheepshanks C Bruce Gardner Manilius E Silberschlag Bullialdus B Gartner Maraldi Sirsalis Burckhardt Gassendi G Marco Polo C Sirsalis F Byrgius D Gassendi J Marco Polo D Sirsalis J C. Mayer Gassendi O Marco Polo F Stevinus K Cajal Gauricus Mare Australe Struve Campanus A Gauss Mare Fecunditatis T. Mayer A Capella Geminus Mare Humboldtianum Tacquet Cardanus Godin B Mare Humorum Taylor D Carlini Goldschmidt Mare Nectaris Theaetetus Carlini D Grimaldi B Mare Serenitatis Thebit A Carrel Grove Mare Undarum Theon Junior Cassini A Gruithuisen Marius Theon Senior Cavalerius Gruithuisen B Marius A Tisserand Cavalerius D Guericke B Maskelyne B Tolansky Censorinus A Gutenberg D Maupertuis Torricelli Censorinus X Gutenberg G Maupertuis A Torricelli A Cepheus Hahn Maurolycus Tralles Cepheus A Halley Maury Turner Chevallier Hansteen A McClure Turner F Chevallier M Harpalus E Mercurius Ukert Cichus Helicon Mercurius L Undest Colombo Hell Mersenius S Vaisala Colombo A Hercules C Milichius A Wallace Conon Herschel C Mitchell Webb Cook Hesiodus Moltke Weinek E Crozier Hesiodus B Monge Weiss Cyrillus Hevelius Mons Ampere Werner D Cyrillus A Hind Mons Argaeus Whewell Cyrillus E Hind C Mons Hansteen Wichmann Cyrillus G Hipparchus Montes Carpatus Williams Damoiseau Hipparchus G Montes Spitzbergen Wolf S Damoiseau A Holden Montes Teneriffe Wrottesley Daniell Holden R Mouchez Wurzelbauer de Gasparis Hyginus Muller Zeno De La Rue Isidorus D Murchison Zucchius Debes Isidorus E Neander F Zupus 6. Observers 6.1 The following individuals contributed timings that are included in the catalogue. Some names may appear to be duplicated - with minor spelling or stylistic differences in the names. For example, E. M. Barrell and Edward M. Barrall II. Similarly Isabel and Isobel Johnson. While it is likely that the majority of possible duplicate names in fact refer to the same person, we have maintained them as separate entries unless we were certain that they were the same person. Abbott, A. Patrick Anderson, James Adcock, Barry Anderson, Peter Adib, Carlos A. Andrews-Zike, Nate Afonso, Jose Angelos, Christopher Aguiar, Jos Guilherme Arruda, Francisco S. Bezerra de Aguiar, Maria Y. F. Ashbrook, Joseph Ahnert, P. Ashdown, M. L. C. Albrecht, Mike Ashley, Michael Alfert, Oz Asmus, Paul Alves, Avelino A. Atwell, Rossie Ambroz, Jaroslav Auguston, Jose Amorim, Alexandre Auten, Tim Baade, Wilson H. Bogert, Alex Baal, P. van Boinck, Frank Bacon, J. Bondy, H. Bain, Moshe Bortle, John Baldridge, Rick Boschat, Michael Barbosa, Ricardo Both, E. Barbosa, Saulo Bott, Philip Barnes, John Bourgeois, Jean Barnes, R. Bouska, Jiri Baroni, Sandro Bowden, Chris Barrall, E. M. Bowden, Warren Barrall, Edward M. II Bowron, Carl F. Barreto, Marcos J. R. Bradbrook, Adrian J. Barruezo, J. M. Bradbury, D. Barsby, John Brakel, Albert Barton, W. Bras, Jorge Basey, David R. Brasch, K. Baughman, Willard Bredell, Tim Bautista, Juan Jose Galvan Brescia, Keith Bazikova, Z. Brewer, James Beard, David J. Brickell, Alastair A. Beatty, Cheryl Brickell, Alistair A. Beatty, J. Kelly Brill, Bruno Beaumont, Sally Brock, Michael Beels, Danielle Brown, B. Begbie, Mike Brown, Dan Behan, Carol Brown, David N. Jr. Bencowitz, H. Brown, Nelson Jr. Bennett, Greg Brownridge, J. Berryhill, G. Broz, F. Bestwick, T. Buchar, E. Bezerra, Ulisses L. Bucharo, J. Bharad, Abhay Buck, Lee Bikker, I. B. A. Budine, Phillip W. Binder, A. Buechner, Reinhold Binder, Louis Bulder, Henk Bisjak, G. Jr. Bulling, Andreas Blair, J. Burbank, Daniel P. Blazquez, Ascension Burek, A. Blewett, Anne Burlingame, Ed Blewett, Les Buss, John C. Blommers, Lex Buttner, Dietmar Bogan, Dwight L. Cahill, W. Clark, Norma Cahill, W. J. Clark, R. Kent Calvert, Ted Coelho, Antonio Cameron, W. Coelho, Antonio C. A. Campos, Antonio Rosa Cole, R. Carboni, Claudio Coleman, W. Carlisle, K. Colley, Ray Carpenter, J. Collins, L. Carter, Brad Conklin, R. Castano, Jose Cook, Marie Castiglioni, Leonardo Cook, Tony Catlin, Mark Cooper, Ian Ceplecha, Z. Cooper, Tim Cerny, L. Corkery, Robert Chaikin, Andrew Correa, Odilon Chalk, K. T. Cortes, L. Chantzidokis, T. Costa, Adriano O. Chapman, Clark R. Couling, Geoff Chester, Geoffrey R. Cragg, Tom Chorley, J. W. A. Cressman, R. F. Citron, R. Cruikshank, D. Clark, F. Cudnick, Brian Clark, M. L Cushing, F. Clark, Maurice Darby, Lauren Dillon, William G. da-Silva, Luis A. Di-Luca, R. Davis, Bev Doneva, Daniela Dean, C. dos-Anjos, Cleide DeAngelo, E. Douthett, David DeBard, Mark L. Drummond, John Dedlow, Harold Dujnic, M. DeForge, W. Dunsmore, D. DeKinder, F. Dupal, I. Delaney, Paul Durham, David Delano, K. J. Duriscoe, Robert Delevoryas, Matthew Duthie, John H. Diamond, Michael Dutton, Tony Dickinson, Jon Dworetsky, Mike Diego, Moicano Gonalves Dzafic, Oliver Dieters, Stefan Dzubak, M. Dietrich, Jonathan Ednilson, Oliveira Elk, J. Edwards, E. Elk, J. III Edwards, M. Elso, Joe Edwards, Peter Eynde, Peter Van den Edwards, R. L. Fallert, W. Fisher, Mark Falsarella, Nelson Fitzpatrick, J. Farmer, John Fleet, S. Faudree, Edward Jr. Foglia, Sergio Favelora, Vincent Foley, G. Feijth, Henk Forbes, Stephen B. Feitosa, Fernando Forest, F. Fell, Roger Fort, D. N. Felstead, Marion Frahm, Bruce Ferguson, D. Francis, M. Fernandes, Januario Franz, T. Fernandes, Paulo Frederico, Luiz Funari Ferri, A. Funari, Fred L. Filho, Antonio Padilla Funari, Frederico Filho, Saulo M. Funari, Newton F. Finn, Matthew Funzri, Frederica Fisanotti Gaertner, L. Goodman, Dennis Gaherty, G. Goodson, Jacob Gan, D. C. Gordon, Tyler Gannon, M. Gorski, Larry Garcia, Alberto Sicilia Gracias, Nuno Garcia, Antonio Graham, Doug Garcia, J. Antonio C. Graham, Keith A. Garcia, Joaquim Grams, H. Gerke, Robert Grant, B. Gerritsen, Adri A. Grant, Ian Gill, Michael Gregio, Rosely Godinho, Marco J. F. Grendell, Rick Gokceog Grudzien, Richard Goldstein, David Grygar, J. Goncalves, Rui Guth, V. Gooden, Danny Gutherson, G. Goodman, Christine Guyton, Ken Haas, W. H. Herbstritt, M. R. Haas, Walter H. Herring, Greg Hall, Jeffrey C. Hers, Jan Hallet, Timothy R. Higgs, S. Hanus, Roman Hill, John Hara, T. Hill, Michael Hardy, Lee Hill, Rik Hardy, Stephen Hlad, O. Harris, T. Hobbs, Jesse Hartmann, W. Hobbs, Steven J. Haustein, P. Hodar, Felipe Haustein, Peter Hodar, Juan Havel, F. Holland, Frederick G. Hawkins, Ron Hollis, A. J. Hayatnagarkar, Harshal G. Holtschke, Roy Hays, Milton Holub, S. Hays, Robert H. Jr. Horton, Laurie Heath, L. A. Houser, Dan Heath, P. R. Hudak, Daniel Heijnens, J. Hudson, B. Heillegger, G. Hughes, David Heillegger, R. Hume, Angela Hendman, G. Hummel, C. Henshaw, Colin Hunt, L. Herald, David Imperiano, Boisbaudran O. Isbell, Charles W. Jacques, Cristovao Johnson, Isabel James, Andrew Johnson, Isobel James, Michael A. Johnson, J. Jameson, Ian Johnson, Jeremy Jenniskens, Carlo Joldersma, Dan Jeszenkowitsch, Adalbert Joldersma, Tom Joel, Furlani Jones, E. Johnson, Craig L. Jordan, John Johnson, Daniel Junior, Antonio C. G. Kadanka, Z. Knight, J. E. Kalab, D. Knight, Jim Kaloyanides, Michael G. Knight, Rose Kambersky, J. Knight, Shirley Kasarskis, E. Kochakji, T. Kazik, M. Kohoutek, L. Kerekesova, Katarina Kokides, D. Kerr, Kathy Koosvan, Zyl Kerr, Stephen Kosdon, F. Kilbey, P. Kovac, L. Kilgour, A. Kovac, V. Kingsley, Chris Kowalski, Richard Kinnear, Grant Koychev, Yosif Kinsey, Ernest Kralert, P. G. Kirkland, Murray Kraus, Gary L. Kirkpatrick, J. D. Krebs, J. Kirpatrick, T. Kresak, L. Kitt, Michael T. Kresakova, M. Klekociuk, Andrew Kuhn, Patrick L. Kluovsk, Peter Kulcar, L. Kniga, G. Lamblet, Jorge Linthwaite, Michael Lange, Marc B. Loader, Brian Lara, Marcos Lockhart, Steven Lear, Reuben J. Lohrenz, Tyler Ledger, Max Lomonaco, Sergio Lee, P. Lourenco, Helio R. Leftus, V. Loveday, Nick Legg, C. Jr. Lovi, G. Lerner, E. Low, J. Levy, George Low, Peter Light, E. Luft, H. Light, W. Luiz, Fernando Zibordi Lindemann, David M. Lutz, T. Lindemann, M. J. Lyell, Alan Link, F. Lynch, Richard W. Linsley, S. Maag, R. McKim, Richard Maagdenberg, Ivo van den McLeavy, A. MacDougal, Craig McManaway, James Machovsky, Z. McNabb, Deirdre MacRobert, Alan Meagher, D. Madura, Jeffrey M. Megginson, D. Mailloux, P. Meiley, M. Mann, Gary Meis, Salvo De Marcelo, Breganhola Metcalf, Ian Marciano, G. Meyers, Stewart Marciano, Sebastian Michie, D. Marcolina, Douglas A. Michovsky, K. Marilena, Mollaco Midtskogen, Ornulf Marilena, Nelson Falsarella Mikesova, I. Mariotto, J. Miles, Andrew Markowski, Greg Miller, David Marques, Rui Miller, Ferdinand Jr. Marshal, G.R. Milon, D. Marshal, L.A. Minton, R. B. Jr. Marshall, G. Mitchell, Allan Martellaro, J. Modic, Robert Martin, Colin Mollaco, Marilena Martin, Daryl S. Mollaco, Ordonhes Heleno Martins, Afonso Moller, Harry Martins, D. Moore, Patrick Martos, Alberto Moore, William R. Mathews, Don W. Moreschi, Carl J. Mayer, P. Moritz, Dave McBride, Paul Moulton, Roger McCall, Michael T. Mowle, J. McCann, T. Mrzilek, K. McConnell, Steve Mullet, M. McCullough, J. Munford, Noel McDonald, D. Murison, Marc McHugh, J. Michael Murray, Tony McIntyre, Deane D. Murray, William Nafziger, R. H. Nikano Napoleao, Tasso A. Nolthenius, Richard Napoleno, Augusto Nordeen, E. Nappi, Giancarlo U. Norden, R. A. Nash, Gerald W. Jr. Nordstrom, B. Nedkov, Pavel Nottage, D. Neuzil, L. Nowak, Gary T. Newman, James Nuland, James H. Van Newman, Jim Nunes, Joao Batista Franca Newman, Warren Nurse, Gordon Newton, F. Nurse, Roger O'Byrne, S. O'Neill, John Ocenai, J. O'Neill, P. O'Dell, Patrick S. Orchiston, Wayne Ohl, Michael Osawa, T. O'Keefe, Robert Osawa, Toshihiko Oliveira, Lucimary Osborn, Wayne Oliveira, Maria Osypowski, Thomas Oliver, Bill Otavsky, K. Olsen, Chris Overbeek, Danny Olsen, Eric Overby, Steve Onderlicka, B. Padilla, F. Antonio Phythian, T. Pagano, Lou Piersall, D. Pallier, Owen Pietschnig, Michael Papista, Adrian Piltch, M. Papp, Robert Pilz, R. Parkinson, Murray L. Plante, Phil Pascoli, Vittorio Plavec, M. Patton, Chet Pommier, Rod Paynter, L. Porter, Thomas C. Pazmino, J. Pribyl, V. Pearce, Andrew Price, Elizabeth Pearsall, J. Price, Robert Pekny, Z. Price, Rosamund Pena, Mario Lucio Fontana Prihoda, P. Pereira, C. Pringle-Wood, David Perez, J. Prochazka, J. Perrott, Margaret Provin, B. Petersohn, B. Pujol, Francisco Pewthers, Ben Purcell, Pat Pfannerstill, J. Pyke, William Quiroga, T. L. G. de Radnick, R. Ripero, J. Ragland, Beaufort R. Ripero, Jose Rambousek, J Rippen, G. W. Randi, J. Rizzo, P. Rao, Joe Roberts, N. Rapava, Daniela Roberts, Steve Rapavy, P. Robertson, Tim RASC, Toronto Centre of Rauff, J. Robertson, Timothy J. Rea, Robert Robinson, P. Rebetez, Michel Robinson, P. N. Reed, F. Robinson, S. Reese, E. J. Robotham, Rob Reid, Harold Robson, Keith Reid, Jim Rodriguez, D. Reid, Marie Rodriguez, Diego Reid, Paul Rodriguez, H. Ayala Reinhart, Charles C. Rodriguez, R. Reis, Peocele Rohde, D. Reith, A. Rohde, R. Reith, P. Rollo, William Remington, Sheldon Rosely, Gregio Rhone, Daniel Rost, Fred Ribeira, Angelo C. Rothchild, Mario Ribeiro, Angelo Rothchild, Peter Richards, J. Rukl, A. Rigby, Paul Runavot, J. Riley, D. Runavot, J. -J. Riley, J. Ruzickova, B. Ringeling, Steven Ryder, M. Sabella, Charles Sinnott, Roger W. Saheki, T. Siroky, J. Saijo, K. Skilton, Peter F. Samolyk, G. Skromach, J. Sanchez, Robert Slabinski, Victor J. Santos, Geraldo Slauson, Douglas M. Santos, Joao Ricardo O. Smith, C. Santos, Nuno Smith, Steven Sarandis, J. Solberg, G. Sarandis, Jim Solberg, H. Jr. Sarbinska, Elena Solcova, D. Savage, K. Soulsby, Anthony Schaefer, Bradley E. Soulsby, Byron Scharf, R. Souza, Damiao Schmidling, Bernard Souza, Willian Schmidling, David Sowiak, Paul Schmidt, G. Spaulding, P. Schmidt, Julius Spencer, Geoff Scholten, Alex H. Spethman, K. Schulze, M. Spieth, L. F. Seach, John Starr, Jeff Searle, Grant Steele, Ronald Sekanina, Z. Steffey, Philip C. Semel, H. Steicke, David P. Shank, W. B. Stephan, Chris Shannon, J. Stephenson, John Shaw, D. Sterzinger, Peter Shaw, V. Stevenson, Scott Shayler, B. Strnad, V. Shefer, Yaron Strohm, Mark Shelton, Robert G. Stuart, Phil Shewmon, W. Stuchlik, J. Shida, Raquel Yumi Sumner, Bruce Shimada, M. Sumner, Christine Shulist, Brian Sunshine, J. Shull, Peter O. Jr. Sutcliffe, J. Sill, G. Sutton, T. P. Silva, Claudio da Svoboda, Franz Silverberg, J. Swann, David Sim, R. Swinehart, D. F. Simmons, Brian Symonds, David Simmons, Karl Syrovy, S. Simmons, Wanda Szymkiewicz, Tom Tabur, V. Toman, R. Taibi, Richard Torres, Mark Tanaka, H. Travis, N. Tasso, Carlos Alberto Colesanti Tregaskis, Bruce Taylor, Carol Trevisan, Edvaldo Taylor, Daniel Trevisan, Nedvalda J. Tefe_ek, Svetozar Trott, John Thompson, Joseph J. Tuboly, Vince Thomson, K. Turner, Sallyanne Titcher, Diane Tuthill, Alan Tochtrop, Jim Ulivi, Paolo Vagner, V. Vetrovec, G. Valentine, R. Viana, H. B. Valeva, Stanimira Vini, M. Vallieres, J. Vital, Helio C. Valls, David Vivas, Rafael B. Vandenbruaene, Jan Vogrig, Darren Vandenbulcke, Geert Vollmann, Wolfgang Vandenbussche, Bart Vozarova-Kresakova, M. Vanysek, V. Vurm, J. Vargas, Lucimary Waffen, Gustav William, Ian Wanner, J. Williams, D. Waraczynski, S. Williams, David B. Ward, Gordon Williams, G. Warren, R. Williams, Joey Warren, R. Jeff Williams, Mark S. Wasag, Janek Williamson, I. Wasag, Kevin Wils, Patrick Washburn, Stephen Wilson, Geoff Watanabe, A. Wilson, Hilary Watson, Harry Wilson, P. Watson, Nancy Wilson, Robert Watson, William Winkler, E. Waugh, J. W. Winkler, William R. Weber, Robert Winskill, C. Wedge, G. Winter, Guilherme Luiz Wells, M. Wise, P. Wentink, A. L. Woidyla, Bruce West, John Wolek, M. Westfall, J. Wolf, Graham W. Westfall, John Workman, Brian Wheeler, David Wurlisch, Al Whitcomb, Paul Yacovone, John Yvergneaux, Daniel Young, Neville Group Zadrazil, M. Zibordi, Luiz Fernando Zahradnik, Z. Zijl, Jurrian Zakar, N. Znojil, V. Zangle, V. Zortman, Terry R. Zeipelt, Andreas Zyl, Koos Van 6.2 The following groups contributed timings that are included in the catalogue, with the names of the observers being unreported. Albuquerque High School Moonwatch Team (New Mexico, USA) Astronomen Verein Steirischer Astronomical Society of Albury-Wodonga (Australia) Astronomical Society of Hiroshima (Japan) Astronomy Club of Tsu High School Bergen County Astronomical Society (New Jersey, USA) Case Astronomical Society Flint Junior Astronomy Club (Michigan, USA) Hudson County Astronomical League Junior Div. Texas Astronomical Society Lima Astronomy Club Moonwatch Team Observational Astronomy Network Physics Club of Azabu-Gakuen Rich High Astronomy Club Richmond Assn. of Junior Astronomers (Virginia, USA) Sangamon Astronomical Society Star Gazers Club Terre Haute Astr. Soc. (Indiana, USA) 7. Acknowledgments We want to thank the 700+ observers whose observations have been included in the dataset. Without their timings over the last 170 years, this compilation would not have been possible. We are especially indebted to Byron Soulsby (1932-2009) and Joseph Ashbrook (1918-1980), who played a large role in collecting and preserving these timings. * * * * *